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    A comparative study on metal pollution from surface dust of informal and formal e-waste recycling sectors in national capital region of New Delhi and associated risk assessment
    (Sci. Total Environ., 2023) Hina Kumari; Sudesh Yadav
    Electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) is considered as resource and secondary source of metals, and is being recycled for recovery of precious and base metals. But the processes of recycling and the waste generated during e-waste recycling in informal and formal sectors contribute toxic metals in to the environment. This work aimed to compare the environmental and health impacts of informal and formal e-waste recycling facilities at New Delhi and Bhiwadi Industrial area in India, respectively. Here, concentrations of Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, Zn, and Ag, and As in surface dust collected from informal and formal recycling sectors and their associated pollution, human health and ecological risk are presented. Metal concentrations were higher than the background levels in both sectors. Contamination factor (Cf), contamination degree (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI), geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and enrichment factor (EnF) of metals indicated severe pollution levels in both sectors. However, contamination in informal sector was comparatively higher than the formal sector. Sampling sites in both sectors had very high ecological risk. Storage, dismantling/shredding and recycling techniques were contributors of metals in surface dust in formal sector whereas fumes deposition, re-suspension, and dried by-products during acid bath treatments were additional sources in informal sector. Metal pollution depends on metal(s), e-waste type(s) and recycling sector(s). Total non-carcinogenic health risk due to metals was 6.5E+00 and 6.0E+01 and 6.2E+00 and 5.5E+01 in adult and children in informal and formal sectors, respectively. Total carcinogenic risk was 3.3E-03 and 7.2E-03 in informal and formal sectors, respectively. Ingestion was major pathways of metals followed by dermal and inhalation and children were more prone to risk compared to adults. Formal sectors too cause metal pollution but to lesser degree compared to informal. More effective pollution control measures are required in formal sector to control environmental pollution.
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    A comparative study of health risks of selected potentially toxic metals in household dust from different socio-economical houses of Dhanbad city, India
    (Air Qual. Atmos. Health, 2024) Shravan Kumar; Manish Kumar Jain
    In this study, the determination of heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Cu, Co, Zn) in dust samples collected from different socioeconomic households in the urban area of Dhanbad city was investigated. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) was utilized to detect the heavy metal content of the dust samples after digestion and filtration. The mean concentrations of Fe found 19,983.25 mg kg-1 followed by Mn (313.03 mg kg-1), Zn (296.05 mg kg-1), Cu (62.16 mg kg-1), Cr (37.87 mg kg-1), Ni (33.67 mg kg-1), Co (11.66 mg kg-1), and Cd (5.65 mg kg-1). Contamination Factor (CF) for elements Fe, Mn, Ni, and Co obtained values less than 1 signifying low contamination, CF values for element Cu ranged between 1 to 3 signifying moderate contamination whereas Zn comes under considerable contamination. CF values for elements Cd signify high contamination in all types of households. Cd was found to be highly enriched with a mean value of EF greater than 20 followed by Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Co, and Mn. The hazard index (HI) of selected heavy metals was less than 1 and the carcinogenic risk (CR) values for Cd, Cr, and Ni were found below safe levels (1E-06 to 1E-04) for both adults as well as children. The HI value for children was around five times that of adults, suggesting that children are at a greater risk of exposure to heavy metals in indoor dust from all socioeconomic type households.