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Item A situation analysis of child delivery facilities at primary health centers (PHCs) in rural India and its association with likelihood of selecting PHC for child delivery(BMC Health Serv. Res., 2021) Akif Mustafa; Chander Shekhar; Neha ShriBackground Primary Health Centers (PHCs) are crucial in providing primary and secondary level healthcare services in rural India. Despite immense efforts and huge funding, a very small proportion of deliveries are carried out at PHCs. The present study aims to explore the availability of facilities at PHCs and its association with likelihood of delivering the child at PHC. Methods We extracted PHC level health infrastructure data from Health Management and Information system (HMIS) and created 'Facility Index' using exploratory factor analysis. We merged the 'Facility Index' with data of the 4th National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) to explore the relationship between availability of facilities and healthcare-seeking behavior. Bivariate analysis and multilevel logistic regressions were employed to analyze the association between Facility Index and the likelihood of delivering the child at PHC. Results Availability of facilities (Facility Index) was found to be positively associated with utilization of PHC for childbirth but up to only a certain level of Facility Index. Women living in districts with 'good' Facility index were having 2.45 (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 2.12-2.84) times higher odds of delivering the child at PHC compared to women living in districts with 'very poor' Facility Index; however, the odds ratio decreased to 2.11 (95% CI: 1.83-2.43) for 'Very Good' Facility Index. The regression line and predicted probabilities also exhibited similar results. Conclusion Based on the findings, we conclude that improvement in availability and quality of facilities might help in improving healthcare utilization from PHCs up to a certain level.Item Agricultural crop residue burning and its environmental impacts and potential causes - case of northwest India(J. Environ. Plan. Manag., 2021) Leena A. Kaushal; Anupama PrasharThis study aims to examine the adverse environmental impact and potential causes of the dubious agricultural practice of agricultural crop residue (ACR) burning which prevails in the northwest region of India. It also evaluates the alternatives for sustainable management of ACR and investigates the associated policy as well as functional challenges against the widespread adoption of these alternatives. To achieve the research purpose, a field study was conducted at the Panipat district of Haryana. As a part of this three-month-long field study, the outlook of state and local administration responsible for regulating ACR burning practices was obtained through semi-structured interviews. Additionally, farmers' viewpoints were gathered through focus group interviews. The estimates of atmospheric emissions from ACR burning in Panipat were calculated using the United Nation (UN)'s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines. Strategies for mitigating the environmental impact of ACR burning are recommended.